The development of high speed, multiple lane highways after World War 2 allowed workers to move away from the cities to smaller towns 20-30 miles from their work. Because the land in these small towns was cheap, these new residents were able to affore to build a house on a much larger parcel of land than was possible in the city. Thus, the suburban communities were far less dense than their urban counterparts. Shortly thereafter, businesses wishing to avoid the high rent of downtown office buildings moved to less dense office parks outside the city. Eventually the demand for suburban land drove up its price. Enterprising land developers then began to buy land even farther from the city and the same process began again. In this sense, suburban sprawl can be defined as transportation energy intensive development, that is, the spread of urban development into non-urban areas. Such suburban sprawl has negative effects on suburbs, cities, the economy and the environment.
The development or overdevelopment of the suburbs has had many ill effects on the suburbanities themselves. Proliferation of housing developments, strip malls, and office parks robs just as much "nature" from a suburb as skyscrapers and apartment buildings do from the city. The "green leafy" suburbs to which many families have moved turned out to be just as gray as the cities they left behind. Moreover, because suburban dwellers, unlike their urban counterparts, cannot walk to most public accommodations, such as schools and stores, suburban traffic can often be worse than traffic in the city. Furthermore, time spent commuting to work, driving children to activities, and caring for large properties often robs many suburbanities of leisure time.
Suburban sprawl has also had negative effects on city dwellers. Because there are far fewer rental units in the suburbs than in the city, and because suburban survival necessitates the ownership of a car, the poor are often denied the opportunity to move into the suburbs; they can only afford to remain in the city. Therefore, the average income(and thus the tax base) of the city decreases. Schools and city services suffer. Buildings remain vacant and decay. The flight of businesses to the suburbs takes their jobs out of reach of the poor who often cannot afford a car needed to commute to the new location.
The low density housing in the suburbs drains the infrastructure. Roads and utilities must be stretched much further to serve the same number of people than they do in the city. In the St. Louis area, the state of Missouri is considering spending millions of dollars expanding Highway 40 for the exploding far western suburban population. Even worse, the state is planning to build a new bridge over the Missouri River. Of course in the low density suburbs, public transportation(such as light rail) is impractical.
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