[1끊어읽기] TOEFL Reading : The Use of the Camera Obscura  

1th paragraph

The precursor of the modern camera,

the camera obscura is a darkened enclosure

into which is admitted 

through a lens 

in a small hole.

The image of the illuminated area 

outside the enclusure 

is thrown upside down

if by magic onto a surface

in the darkened enclosure.

This technique 

was known

as long ago

as the fifth century B. C. in China.

Aristotle also experimented

with it 

in the fourth centruy B. C., 

and Leonardo da Vinci described 

it 

in his notebooks in 1490.

In 1558

Giovanni Battista Della Porta 

wrote 

in his twenty-volume work

Magia naturalis(meaning"natural magic") instructions 

for adding a convex lens 

to improve the quality of the image

thrown against a canvas or panel 

in the darkened area

where its outlines could be traced.

Later, 

portable camera obscuras

were developed,

with interior mirrors and drawing tables

on which the artist could trace the image.

For the artist, 

this technique 

allows 

forms and linear perspective

to be drawn precisely

as they would be seen 

from a single viewpoint.

Mirros were also used 

to reverse the projected images

to their original positions.

1th paragraph

The precursor of the modern camera,

the camera obscura 

is a darkened enclosure

into which is admitted 

through a lens 

in a small hole.

The image of the illuminated area 

outside the enclusure 

is thrown upside down

if by magic onto a surface

in the darkened enclosure. 

This technique 

was known as long ago

as the fifth century B. C. in China. 

Aristotle also 

experimented

with it 

in the fourth centruy B. C., 

and Leonardo da Vinci 

described 

it 

in his notebooks in 1490.

In 1558

Giovanni Battista Della Porta 

wrote 

in his twenty-volume work Magia naturalis (meaning"natural magic") instructions 

for adding a convex lens 

to improve the quality of the image thrown 

against a canvas 

or panel 

in the darkened area

where its outlines could be traced.

Later, 

portable camera obscuras

were developed,

with interior mirrors 

and drawing tables

on which the artist could trace the image. 

For the artist, 

this technique 

allows 

forms and linear perspective

to be  drawn precisely

as they would be seen 

from a single viewpoint.

Mirros 

were also used 

to reverse the projected images

to their original positions.