[1끊어읽기] 토플 250+  

Section
Set 1-1

The Pueblo Indians are descendants of a people
known as the Anasazi,
a name given to them
by the Navajo Indians.
The Anasazi began to build homes of many stories
about AD 700.
Between AD 1000 and 1300,
Pueblo culture developed greatly
in what is now northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, southern Colorado,
and Southern Utah.
By 1300,
many Pueblo had moved south
to the fertile valleys
of the Rio Grande and its branches.
Some Pueblo Indians built villages
in the valleys,
and others lived
in desert and mountain areas.
Desert surrounded many of the valleys,
and the people set up irrigation systems
so they could grow crops.
Pueblo women gathered berries and other foods,
and the men hunted game.
Pueblo villages consisted of stone or adobe structures
that resembled apartment buildings.
These homes had
as many as four stories,
and the Indians used ladders
to reach the upper levels.
Some families of grandparents, parents, children, aunts,
and uncles lived
in two or more connected dwellings.
The villages were governed
by religious leaders.
The Pueblo held many religious ceremonies
to promote harmony and order
in the universe.
They believed
that  if harmony and order in the universe were maintained,
the spirits would ensure abundant game
and provide sufficient rain
for their crops.
Pueblo men performed kachina dances,
in which they represented spirits
of the earth, sky, and water.
The dancers wore masks
that symbolized the spirits.
Most pueblos had subterranean chambers
called kivas
that were used
for ceremonies and meetings.

What is the best title
of the passage?
The life of Pueblo Indians
The author implies in paragraph 1
that the Anasazi Indians' architecture was highly developed.
The word others in paragraph 2
refers to Indians.
The word game in paragraph 2
is closest
in meaning animals.
Look at the word stories in paragraph 3.
Click on the word
in the Bold text
which is similar
in meaning to this world.
According to the passage,
which of the following is not represented
in kachina dances performed
by the Anasazi Indians?
According to paragraph 3,
the author implies that
Pueblo Indians had a large family
consisting of many generations.
Look at the word they in paragraph 4.
Click on the word
in the BOLD text
which this word refers to Pueblo men.
According to the passage,
what is a kiva?
an underground room for religious rituals.
All of the following statements can be supported
by the author
EXCEPT that Pueblo Indians were those
who developed advanced agricultural techniques.
Click on the paragraph
in which the author describes the building materials
of Pueblo Indians.

Set 1-2

Permafrost, or permanently frozen ground,
is part of the solid part
of the earth's rocky crust(or lithosphere),
in which a naturally occurring temperature
below 0 degrees
has existed
for two or more years.
The formation and maintenace of permafrost requires
a mean annual temperature
below freezing.
Ground shading and insulation
by ground cover
such as moss
is favorable to permafrost.
Once the permafrost is established,
it stops the infiltration of ground water
and forces melt
and rain water to escape
by surface drainage.
The mosses that form
on the surface
impede drainage and permafrost areas develop
marsh and tundra characteristics.
Permafrost is of great importance
in the engineering and design
of pipelines, roads, railroads, and training ranges and usages.
The frozen ground forms an extremely strong and stable foundation material
if it is kept
in a frozen state.
However, if permafrost is allowed to thaw,
the soil becomes extremely weak and foundation failures
are very common.
As temperature is the main control
on the occurrence of permafrost
it can exist only in areas
where the equilibrium temperature,
between the amount of heat lost
from the ground in winter
and that gained
from the atmosphere in summer,
plus geothermal heat,
remains continuously below 0'C-,
continued global warming,
with even a moderate rise
a few degrees of temperature,
is highly likely to have far-reaching effects
on permafrost
throughout the world.
A general warming will probably lead
to the widespread disintegration of permafrost,
particularly in those regions
where ground temperatures are warmer
than about -2'C.
In the latitudes of subarctic areas,
the sporadic discontinuous permafrost will be the first
to disappear.
As the mean annual ground temperature rises
and its thawing isotherm progress
in a northerly direction,
increasingly greater areas of permafrost will vanish.
Such effects of global warming would create many alterations
to the existing landscape,
particularly in areas
of abundant ground ice,
lying in the zone
of discontinuous permafrost.
The ground would undergo subsidence and dislocation,
thus leading to failure
of foundations and other engineering structures.
Drainage would be altered such
that while some lakes emptied,
others would form.
Thermokarst topography would develop in areas
of ice-rich permafrost
because of the thawing process;
also, landslide activity and erosion of riverbanks
and coastal features would accompany the thaw.
With increased global warming,
however, the concomitant destruction of permafrost
and subsequent alteration of the landscape
would continue.
Very large volumes of these gases are presently trapped
beneath the permafrost
or are stored within it.
They commonly occur in frozen peatlands
and other wetlands
and may exist also
as shallow accumulations
of natural gas hydrates.
In any case,
they pose a hazard
in the event of global warming
because of their capacity
to hold heat
and to inhibit it
from escaping the upper atmosphere.
As global warming increases,
so would the rate of release
of these gases which,
in turn,
would worsen the situation.

Set 1-3

During the last third of the nineteenth century,
an extraordianry group of American inventors added
to the world's knowledge.
Some inventions gave rise to new industries;
a few actually changed the quality of life.
The number of patents issued to inventors 
reflected the trend.
Between 1790 and 1860,
the U.S. Patent Office issued just 36,000 patents;
in the decade of the 1890s alone,
it issued more than 200,000.
Some of the inventions transformed communications.
In 1866,
Cyrus W, Field improved the transatlantic cable
linking the telegraph networks
of Europe and the United States.

By 1900,
land and submarine cables reached around the world.
Diplomats and business leaders could now "talk" to their counterparts
in Berlin or Hongkong.
Even before the telephone,
the cables quickened the pace of diplomacy,
revolutionized journalism,
and allowed business to expand and centralize.
The typewriter(1867), stock ticker(1867), cash register(1879),
and adding machine(1888) helped business transactions.
High-speed looms and sewing machines transformed
the clothing industry,
which for the first time in history turned out
ready-made clothes for the masses.
There were new processes
for flour, canned meat, vegetables, condensed milk,
and even beer.
Refrigirated railroad cars, ice-cooled, brought fresh fruit
from Florida and California to all parts of the country.
In the 1870s,
Gustavus F, Swift, a Chicago meatpacker,
hit on the idea of using the cars
to distribute meat nationwide.
Setting up "dissembly" factories to butcher meat
Henry Ford later copied them for his famous "assembly" lines,
he started what a newspaper called an "era of cheap beef".
No innovation, however, rivaled in importance
the telephone and the use of electricity
for light and power.
The telephone was the work of Alexander Graham Bell,
a teacher of the deaf.
Bell experimented with ways
to transmit speech electrically,
and he developed electrified metal disks
that converted sound waves
to electrical impulses and back again.
On March 10, 1876,
he transmitted the first sentence
over a telephone: "Mr. Watson, come here; I want you."
By 1905,
there were ten million telephones in the country-
one for almost every ten people.

Set 1-4

An insect orients itself by making orientation
responses to the stimuli
it receives.
Formerly, insect behavior was described
as a series of forced movements
in response to stimuli.
That hypothesis has been supplanted by one
that holds that an insect has a central nervous system
with built-in patterns of behavior or instincts
that can be called forth
by environmental stimuli;
these instincts are modified
by the insect's internal state,
which has been affected by preceding stimuli.
Searching for food or an egg-laying site, catching prey, and mating
are a few examples of complex behavior.
Experimental studies of details of behavior have provided
significant information
about the properties of the sense organs.
Patterns of behavior range
from comparatively simple reflex responses
such as the avoidance of adverse stimuli,
the grasping of a rough surface on contact with the claws
to the elaborate behavioral sequences
involved in hunting, capturing, and eating prey.
An interesting example of a behavioral pattern is
that found in the leaf-cutter bee Megachile.
The female bee first locates a site
for its nest in rotten wood
and shapes the nest into a long tunnel;
then it seeks out preferred shrub leaves
from which to build a cell
and cuts first a disc for a cell cap,
then a series of oval pieces for the walls.
After preparing the nest,
it stores a mixture of pollen and honey,
lays an egg,
and finally closes the cell with more cut leaves.
The leaf-cutter bee repeats this sequence
until the nest is filled.
Each act can be performed only
in this set sequence.
The insect does not stop
to repair any damage to the nest
but proceeds undeterred to the next step
in its behavioral pattern.
The honeybee society is more flexible
that of the leaf-cutter bee.
Behavioral sequences of individuals are predictable,
but the choice of acts or duties within the hive
can be influenced
by the needs of the colony.
A capacity for learing does exist,
and must exist,
in any insect
that has to find its nest;
but learning capacity plays a relatively small part
in the overall pattern of honeybee behavior.
Both in complexity of behavior and learning capacity,
solitary bees and wasps are the equals
of social wasps or honeybees.
Social insects, however, have developed a division of labor
in which the members must do the work
required at the proper time.
If the society is to succeed,
its needs must be communicated to the individual,
and the individual must act.
These needs may be met
by a temporary change in behavior
during which appropriate instinctive acts are performed
or by changes in development
that lead to the appearance of appropriate castes.
Commonly, both behavioral and developmental change are initiated
by pheromones
which act as chemical messengers
that convey information
from one member of a colony to another.
Insect societies are gigantic families,
the offspring of a single female.
In the honeybee
the single queen in the hive secretes the pheromone
known as the queen substance;
it is taken up
by the workers
and passed throughout the colony
by food sharing.
So long as the queen substance circulates,
all members are informed
that the queen is present.
If the workers are deprived fo queen substance,
they proceed at once
to build queen cells
and feed the young larvae
with a special salivary secretion
known as royal jelly
to produce more queens.

 

 

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