[3문장] Toefl question text

Test 1.
Question 1-8.

With Robert Laurent and William Zorach,

direct carving enters

into the story of modern sculpture

in the United States.

 

Direct carving ―

in which the sculptors themselves carve

stone or wood

with mallet and chisel ―

must be recognized

as Line something

more than just a technique.

 

Implicit in it is an aesthetic principle

as well :

(5) that the medium has

certain qualities of beauty

and expressiveness

with which sculptors must bring

their own aesthetic sensibilities

into harmony.

 

For example,

sometimes

the shape or veining [v 배열]

in a piece of stone or wood

suggests,

perhaps even dictates,

not only the ultimate form,

but even the subject matter.

The technique of direct carving was a break

with the nineteenth-century tradition

in (10) which the making of a clay model

was considered the creative act

and the work was then turned over

to studio assistants

to be cast in plaster or bronze

or carved in marble.

 

Neoclassical sculptors seldom held

a mallet or chisel [m 나무망치] [c 끌]

in their own hands,

readily conceding [r 쉽사리] [c 인정하다]

that the assistants they employed were far better

than they were

at carving the finished marble.

(15) With the turn-of-the-century Crafts movement

and the discovery of nontraditional sources of inspiration,

such as wooden African figures and masks,

there arose

a new urge for hands-on,

personal execution of art

and an interaction

with the medium.

 

Even as early as the 1880's and 1890's,

nonconformist European artists were attempting

direct carving.

 

By the second decade of the twentieth century,

Americans ― Laurent(20) and Zorach most notably ―

had adopted it

as their primary means of working.

Born in France,

Robert Laurent(1890-1970) was a prodigy

who received his education

in the United States.

 

In 1905

he was sent

to Paris

as an apprentice to an art dealer,

and in the years that followed

he witnessed

the birth of Cubism,

discovered primitive art,

and learned

the techniques of woodcarving

from a frame maker.

(25) Back in New York City by 1910,

Laurent began

carving pieces

such as The Priestess,

which reveals

his fascination

with African, pre-Columbian, and South Pacific art.

 

Taking a walnut plank, [p 널빤지]

the sculptor carved

the expressive, stylized design.

It is one of the earliest examples

of direct carving in American sculpture.

 

The plank's form dictated

the rigidly frontal view [r 굳게]

and the low relief. [r 안도감]

 

Even its irregular shape must (30) have appealed

to Laurent

as a break

with a long-standing tradition

that required a sculptor

to work

within a perfect rectangle or square.

 

1. The word 'medium' in line 5

could be used

to refer to

 

(A) stone or wood
(B) mallet and chisel
(C) technique
(D) principle

2. What is one of the fundamental principles

of direct carving?

 

(A) A sculptor must work

with talented assistants.

(B) The subject of a sculpture should be derived

from classical stories.

(C) The material is an important element

in a sculpture.

(D) Designing a sculpture is a more creative activity

than carving it.

3. The word 'dictates' in line 8 is closest

in meaning to

(A) reads aloud (B) determines
(C) includes (D) records

4. How does direct carving differ

from the nineteenth-century tradition of sculpture?

(A) Sculptors are personally involved

in the carving of a piece.

(B) Sculptors find their inspiration

in neoclassical sources.

(C) Sculptors have replaced the mallet and chisel

with other tools.

(D) Sculptors receive

more formal training.

5.The word 'witnessed' in line 23 is closest

in meaning to

(A) influenced
(B) studied
(C) validated
(D) observed

6. Where did Robert Laurent learn

to carve?

(A) New York
(B) Africa
(C) The South Pacific
(D) Paris

7. The phrase 'a break with' in line 30 is closest

in meaning to

(A) a destruction of
(B) a departure from
(C) a collapse of
(D) a solution to

8. The piece titled The Priestess has

all of the following characteristics

EXCEPT

(A) The design is stylized.
(B) It is made of marble.
(C) The carving is not deep.
(D) It depicts the front of a person.